Economic Analysis of Oligopoly Essay

This has been broadened and they are currently hoping to grow their hang on the Australian market by moving into the alcohol business. Julian Lee (2008) features Coles and Woolworths move into the business, by attempting to expand on their past acquisitions of alcohol outlets to challenge the significant brands for a portion of the $6 billion every year Australian lager showcase. The article uncovers that Coles and Woolworths plan to ‘give more space to their own lagers and advance the brews in their hotels’. The lager advertise has so far been safe and has held a solid brand devotion. Coles and Woolworths are going up against one another and depending vigorously on cost limiting and shaping provider agreements to achieve select gracefully. The article addresses whether these oligopolies will be as effective as already in achieving their total strength in light of the fact that ‘home or restrictive brands’ are presently just a little part of the market. b Justification of the subject ‘Supermarkets blend up a box brimming with profits’ is an article that obviously portrays the operations on an oligopolistic advertise. The way that the market is administered by two ground-breaking firms that can impact value shows that the market all the more intently takes after a duopolistic structure. The brew and alcohol industry includes a separated oligopoly of which Woolworths and Coles are the primary controllers. Woolworths and Coles control somewhere in the range of 78 and 80. percent of the national basic food item showcase as indicated by two 2008 retail overviews (Lenaghan, 2008), demonstrating a high dealer fixation proportion, and this make sense of focuses the two giants’ portion of the grocery store industry, including their enhancement into alcohol. Unmistakably the contenders plan to broaden this duopoly in the brew showcase where they have been less fruitful. Coles and Woolworths can be defended as a serious duopoly as they are reliant. They depend on one another o judge evaluating of items and it has been recommended (Moynihan, 2007) that the two forces plot to augment their benefits. Noteworthy obstructions to passage for free contenders have been made including huge beginning up costs. The sheer size of their organizations permits them to impact enactmen t, the way that they include enormous economies of scale, and their control of crude materials causes these two firms to hold the amazing piece of the pie ‘to a degree unrivaled in different nations. ’(Jones, 2005) 2. Financial Analysis It is very apparent that Coles and Woolworths started their campaign of the Australian alcohol industry early. Appraisals of the ‘take out marketing projection would be to some degree over $9 billion of an all out alcohol market of about $17 billon’ (Jones, 2005). Throughout the years the ascents in profitability and proficiency have empowered the organizations to sell at a limited cost. ‘Woolworths has for some time been occupied with an undertaking to lessen costs through enhancements in flexibly chain logistics’ (Jones 2005). Coles and Woolworths are very much aware that this productivity prompts expanding comes back to scale. They hold economies of scale and extension that their closest adversaries can't contend with and in this manner their since quite a while ago run normal costs keep on declining whist their yield amounts are dramatically increasing. The since quite a while ago run normal cost bend (1) is delivered when economies of scale are numerous and diseconomies of scale are not many. 1. 2. It is certain that Coles and Woolworths relationship of food supplies and alcohol retailing is an exemplary case of oligopolistic firms endeavoring to additionally improve their market. ‘In the mid 80’s Coles purchased the Liquorland bunch flagging its entrance into alcohol retailing. Coles purchased Vintage Cellars in 1992, the Australian Liquor Group in 2001, and the sizeable Theo’s business in 2003. Woolworths purchased Victoria’s Dan Murphy in 1999, Tooheys Bros in Sydney in 2000, the Liberty Liquor gathering (counting Harry’s Liquor) in 2001, the Booze Brothers Chain in South Australia in 2000, the Super Cellar bunch in South Australia in 2003, Bailey and Bailey in South Australia in 2003, and ALH in late 2004. Woolworths additionally gained 18 licenses from the acquisition of Franklins’ basic food item chain in 2001’. (Jones 2005) This shows the business power that the duopoly own, despite the fact that as Lee ceremonies they have discovered that ‘beer has remained resistant’ to the takeover of private home brand names. Home brand names have depended on a limited cost to catch the market’s consideration, a technique that will have little accomplishment with brew. The brew business is as of now ruled by p remium, boutique, imported and Aussie most loved lagers that the possibility of finding an enormous piece of the overall industry is improbable. Right now the in-house brands make up ‘just 2%’ of the lager advertise, the majority of which is taken up by Sol, a Woolworths brand. The brew business is not normal for the basic food item industry where a limited cost is positive. The Australian preparing duopoly of Fosters and Lion Nathan both accept that ‘branded lager will win out’ and are not stressed that the items being constrained into the market by Coles and Woolworths ‘will eat into (their) advertise share’. Coles and Woolworths imagines that the low evaluated private name brands will build their requested amount from Q1 to Q2 (2) and this thusly will expand their piece of the overall industry and their benefits. Over the long haul they will likewise have the option to compel all the more little autonomous brewers and merchants bankrupt in light of the fact that these retailers don't include the specialization abilities or work to have the option to value lower than the oligopolists or even match their costs. Albeit coordinating any value decrease for the oligopolist who holds huge economies of scale can be treated with effortlessness. This can be appeared by a descending development in the peripheral cost bend. (3) The costs for the customer would diminish and the normal all out expense for the maker additionally diminishes. The neighborhood alcohol retailer could as a general rule, have no achievement in moving their negligible cost bend to coordinate that of the oligopolists. These independents’ piece of the overall industry and productivity will as a result decrease significantly. This would then be able to cause potential decreases in the business moving the gracefully bend to one side. For the purchaser this is at last a negative situation as the oligopolists who charge a less expensive cost at present, will have the option to build their costs once the other rivalry has been wiped out (4). (3)(4) The article gives light onto the way that the two giants’ are ‘creating selective agreements for (their) retail outlets’ and this confines contenders selling their brands. ‘Woolworths as of now disperses Bitburger, Lowenbrau and Amsterdam Mariner, while Coles sells Hollandia, Cantina Cerveza, Bavaria, Estrella Damm, Harviestoun, La Trappe and Konig Pilsner. It likewise contracts Boag’s †presently possessed by Lion Nathan †to make Tasman Bitter, Tasman Gold and Hammer ‘n’ Tongs for the chain’. Unmistakably as of now Coles and Woolworths overwhelms a significant part of the brew advertise by possessing the outlets and the agreements to sell the lager itself. They envision that steadfast clients should go to their outlet when looking for their normal marked brew. It is likewise featured that ‘imported premium lager deals have developed by 20%’ from January 2007, a figure which is probably going to increment. Coles and Woolworths are besides utilizing their oligopolist capacity to make hindrances and fight back at contenders. In 2002 Fosters had no real option except to rule against expanding into the retailer advertise as Coles had decreased the stocking of Fosters’ lines in its outlets (Jones, 2005). It had become evident that Coles and Woolworths were not going to leave their market alone infiltrated by different contenders and that idea of arrangement is by all accounts an ordinary and plausible event. Despite the fact that oligopolists every now and again plot, inside the brew business intrigue isn't yet conceivable as they are as yet attempting to rule the current market. In the event that the two firms were to prevail in their procedure to rule the market and conspire to set more significant expenses for the customer their net revenues would be high and the business would take after that of an unadulterated restraining infrastructure (5). . End The $6 billion Australian lager advertise has end up being flexible to endeavors by the two monsters to catch the business. At last the oligopolists intend to endeavor to grab hold of the brew advertise as they have finished with staple goods and petroleum. In the short run, the economies of scale and the consistent coordinations enha ncements furnishes the purchaser with less expensive costs that the independents will be unable to give and therefore when the independents are come up short available the opposition and costs of the business may increment drastically. Coles and Woolworths are expecting to ‘target the worth customer, and that’s where private mark and control names are playing. ’ The expected accomplishment of this is addressed in the article, as inside the lager business the worth customer makes up a ‘small segment of the market’. The truth will surface eventually if Coles and Woolworths can keep on expanding their past victories.

Marginalization of people according to Luke’s gospel Essay

To minimize intends to consign to a lower or external edge, of explicit gatherings of individuals. Minimized individuals in the public arena are individuals who are considered as pariahs in the general public, they are alluded to as those of a lower class. The individuals who are underestimated are outside the predominant culture of a gathering. The gathering could be an expert gathering, a social gathering, or an entire society. An individual might be minimized on the grounds that the predominant culture can't live with a specific gathering or person. In the story of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25-37), clearly organizing the weak is a type of adoration for neighbors. Luke’s gospel involves a composing style that is planned for offering want to the non Jews or Gentiles and those dismissed in the public eye to portray to them that Jesus additionally came to spare them, he intends to break the fortresses of negligence for the minimized in the public eye. At that point, the Jews minimized poor people, ladies, vagrants and the ailing. In Luke 7:11-17, we unmistakably observe Jesus indicating affection and sympathy to a widow (Nain), delineating most extreme concern and love for ladies, as the men at the time had an every day petition â€Å"thanking God that they were not conceived women†. Luke’s gospel brings out Jesus as a voice for the minimized by elevating and demonstrating their significance to his Kingdom, similar to the record of Mary with Angel Gabriel, just as denouncing the activities of the rich. In our networks today, we see a similar underestimation being delineated among different burdened gatherings some of which may incorporate The Poor are incredibly minimized because of their powerlessness to manage the cost of what others can. Uganda has a high destitution rate where 90% of the country’s poor live in Rural zones, Many youngsters are left wandering the city lanes because of absence of assets for their training, numerous Karamajong ladies travel to become beggars’ on the Kampala avenues which likewise go about as their estates neglected gnawing evenings, numerous young ladies additionally resort to prostitution to get a living and are viewed as grave delinquents and due to these unfriendly factors, the poor are dismissed by numerous individuals and disregarded because of their wild condition Women are likewise significantly minimized in spite of their higher level of 51% in the Ugandan people group. Ladies are viewed as a more vulnerable or less significant sex to men. This is plainly delineated in the working division, where not very many ladies can take up cubicle business openings which are principally taken up by men. This stretches back to the instructive open door given to ladies whereby numerous young ladies are detracted from school early, and other don’t even get the chance to begin school which is for the most part apparent in the rustic regions since ladies are viewed as devices for house work, delivering youngsters and taking of nurseries, bereaved ladies are additionally exploited when their spouses pass on and family members take the rest of the property. These thusly constrains their odds for a brilliant future and along these lines, even in the Bible in Luke 7:37-43, we see the dismissal for ladies by Simon, one of Jesus’ pupils which has extended till this present. The debilitated have additionally been minimized for instance, individuals living with HIV, malignant growth, diabetes and different sicknesses are isolated from society since individuals don’t need to connect with them to hazard disease and in this way, a few people are pursued from schools, work places since they don’t need to connect with them. Wiped out individuals are viewed as less unique and are kept out of discussions, gatherings and other get-togethers yet Jesus sees everybody as exceptional before his sight (Luke 12:6-8) Some youngsters are dumped in canisters and toilets because of the inabilities which is very grisly. Despite this minimization, God despite everything makes an answer, an exit plan for his kin to get asylum. Exactly the same sympathy that Jesus had for poor people and hindered has been set in the hearts of my kin in network who think of arrangements and methods for helping the minimized Many Organizations have been set up to help those deprived with the essential human services needs like The World Food Program (W.F.O), Red Cross, Relief Aid and numerous others and this has assisted with building up families that have experienced emergency like the Bududa avalanches, the starvation flare-ups in Karamoja and this shows paying little heed to the circumstances the poor experience, God despite everything clears a path for them. The administration has begun projects to help encourage the poor for instance the NAADS program just as the Youth Loan plans and this has assisted with working up ingenuity and income for the poor since they can get credits from which they can fire up business exercises and have the option to continue themselves Charity Organization like Samaritan Purse, Smile Like a Child, Invisible Children, Mission Moving Mountains and numerous others in various networks have had the option to give homes to road youngsters too food and instruction and in this way, the quantity of road kids has incredibly diminished and the quantity of the individuals what lack's identity is step by step lessening. The administration has presented Universal Education which is modest and moderate for the poor too which has empowered young ladies and ladies to get to instructive offices and not remain inert at home, this is in accordance with the law for all kids to go to class which is specified as a law in the Uganda Constitution. Sponsorships and Incentives for ladies have been set up to empower ladies to get a reasonable possibility at contending with the huge number men in the work field for instance the 1.5 point grade added to young ladies at University affirmation just as the Sponsorships from associations like Compassion International that can encourage ones instruction expenses from Primary to University level and this has helped increment the quantity of female alumni and representatives. Zacchaeus in the Bible additionally provided for the poor portion of what he owed (Luke 19:7-9) and we ought to follow this model Sensitization programs about the HIV/AIDS, Cancer infections has been set up whereby organizations like T.A.S.O, and other wellbeing associations have had the option to educate individuals about the shame issues related with these illnesses and give data about them that empowers individuals to know reality and stop minimization for instance, the Health mindfulness week in Uganda Christian University by Allan Galpin Health Center Extension of wellbeing administrations with prepared medicinal services laborers and wellbeing units to give outreach wellbeing offices to under-served networks. Foundation of approved centers and drug stores perceived by the service of wellbeing assists with giving great wellbeing offices at a lower cost, for instance the free Health Care a long time by different Companies and Hospitals like Mulago Hospital, free ARV’s to HIV/AIDS patients by organizations like Midmay International and TASO. Along these lines, it’s significant for us to advance an adjustment in our locale and care for those out of luck, realizing that we are for the most part uncommon before God and w need to treat each other the manner in which Jesus thought about the underestimated when He went through his 33 years on earth as a man like we may be. Taking the tale of Lazarus, the poor man and the Rich man (Luke 16:19-26), that on the off chance that we are rich, let’s provide for the individuals who are less blessed and not isolate them. REFERENCE Uplifting news Bible, The Gideons International Understanding the New Testament, 2011 version Baulcombe, S. Hostick, T. New, A. Pugh, H. (1998) ‘Asking the Experts: A Guide to Involving People in Shaping Health and Social Care Services’. The Community Care Needs Assessment Project (CCNAP) (accessible to download from www.ccnap.org.uk) Baxter, L. Thorne, L. Mitchell, A. (2001) ‘Small Voices, Big Noises: Lay inclusion in wellbeing research: exercises from other fields’ Folk.us, Consumers in NHS Research, Exeter, Washington Singer Press http://www.academicjournals.org www.christianaid.org.uk www.redeemercitytocity.com

The Evolution of Philippine Literature

In spite of the fact that generally youthful contrasted with other world writings, Philippine writing has made considerable progress in developing from the early types of legends writing to the contemporary writing we know today. The changing occasions and the social impacts realized by both the remote and nearby individuals have molded the destiny of Philippine writing. On the soonest times before the Spanish colonization, fantasies, legends, and stories were the types of writing nearby. These mirrored the indigenous culture and convention of pre-Spanish Philippines.Stories were orally shared and gone down room one age to the following. A piece before Spaniards came, the early locals had likewise built up their own composing framework called the Alabama and the most punctual compositions in Philippine writing were written thusly on bamboo, leaves, stones, and different indigenous materials. These legends generally bestow of the source of man and the world, and for the most part had a rising above otherworldly reason. Balkans or the priestesses were responsible for recalling and saving the legends which they lectured the individuals, particularly to the future generations.An case of all around protected fantasy is the legitimate lager of Began and Gauguin that discussions about the marriage of a goddess with a man and the passing of their child which brought about the formation of the world's numerous things. Stories were in nearby vernacular structures and indicated the assorted variety promotion lavishness of culture by every area. On the appearance of Spanish colonization, the previous types of writing were destroyed and relinquished for the Spaniards needed to change over the locals to Christianity and the best way to do this was to persuade the locals into accepting that these were insidious and wicked.That clarifies why the term â€Å"yaw† meaner demon, yet truth be told, Yaw was an airier Babylon from Bolo. Fables was overlooked and locals were gr adually became Hispanicize all through the 300 years of colonization. Petitions, drones, and different strict acts were instructed to the locals. Religion was a significant subject in the Spanish time. Tip top researchers were educated to peruse and write in Spanish and religion was the principle topic. Since just the high class or the chose not many had the benefit of training, this brought about a couple of brilliant personalities to investigate the writing given by the Spaniards, the rest were just educated prayers.These blessed individuals were instructed to peruse and compose n Spanish and were sent abroad. This cleared path for them to find the various writing of the world. This gave them a completely alternate point of view of writing and different issues. These researchers were motivated by the remote progressive thoughts and sooner than later, started the will to likewise change the arrangement of their local land. These remote thoughts were received by Filipino essayists l ike Jose Racial, Grecian Lopez Jean, Marcelo H. Del Pillar and Pedro Pattern who added to significant Spanish scholarly work in the Philippines by the method for different chronicled documents.Studying in Europe, Jose Racial was the most unmistakable backer for change in the Philippines. He composed two books: the Nil Me Tanager and the El Filibusterer's, works and framed the ASK for upset. It is clear in Benefaction's sonnet Nag Hulling Habit Eng Filipinos (The last Cry of Filipinos) that he was very nearly making an unrest and that shows that on the decreasing long periods of Spanish principle, writing rotated around the possibility of upheaval and patriotism. The facts confirm that the style and method for composing is particularly influenced by the need to record the occasions that are unfolding.A nationalistic period brings about a nationalistic abstract works. At the beginning of American colonialism?or as they called it â€Å"benevolent assimilation†, the American stra tegy was to not subjugate us however to â€Å"befriend† us. They readily showed the Filipinos to peruse and write in English, focusing on the young. Through these endeavors, Philippine English writing blossomed. Toward the beginning, numerous Filipino essayists despite everything wrote in Spanish yet bit by bit, as the years passed by, increasingly more wrote in English. Since you need to figure out how to remain before you figure out how to walk, it took them a short time before Filipino journalists could compose abstract works in English.When the Second World War detonated and the Japanese involved the nation, authors had to either go underground or write in Toga. Scholars were enthused to write in English again when the war was finished. This period created some well known authors like Carols Bulbous, Alexandra Roses, Francisco Recall, Nick Joaquin. Filipino journalists exceeded expectations in the short stories in English. It was as of now that Filipinos felt at more stra ightforwardness with utilizing English as their mechanism of language. They took the writing in English language and changed it into a masterful articulation.

The Means of Acceptance in Contract Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3138 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Did you like this example? THE MEANS OF ACCEPTANCE Acceptance is the second stage of discovering whether an agreement has been reached under classical contract theory is to look for an acceptance which matches the offer that has been made. No particular formula is required for a valid acceptance. As has been explained above, an offer must be in a form whereby a simple assent to it is suf ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ cient to lead to a contract being formed. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Means of Acceptance in Contract Law" essay for you Create order It is in many cases, therefore, enough for an acceptance to take the form of the person to whom the offer has been made simply saying à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"yes, I agreeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. In some situations, however, particularly where there is a course of negotiations between the parties, it may become more dif ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ cult to determine precisely the point when the parties have exchanged a matching offer and acceptance. Unless they do match exactly, so the classical theory requires, there can be no contract. An à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"offerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"acceptanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ must fit t together like two pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. If they are not the same, they will not slot together, and the picture will be incomplete. At times, as we shall see, the English courts have adopted a somewhat  ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡exible approach to the need for a precise equivalence. Nevertheless, once it is decided that there is a match, it is as if the two pi eces of the jigsaw had been previously treated with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"superglueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, for once in position it will be very hard, if not impossible, to pull them apart. The acceptance can be in many circumstance in order to communicate the acceptance of offer. First is acceptance by conduct which usually in unilateral contract, the acceptance will always be by conduct. This issue was considered in Brogden v Metropolitan Railway where the plaintiffs sent the defendants a draft agreement for the supply of a certain quantity of coal per week from 1 January 1872, at  £1 per ton. The defendants completed the draft by adding the name of an arbitrator, signed it and returned it to the plaintiffs. This constituted an offer. The plaintiffsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ manager, however, simply put the signed agreement into a drawer. There was no communication of acceptance by the plaintiffs. Coal was ordered and delivered on the terms speci ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ed in the contract for a period of time, until there was a dispute between the parties. The defendants then argued that there was no contract, because the plaintiffs had never accepted their offer, as contained in the signed agreement. The House of Lords con ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ rmed that it was not enough that the plaintiffs should have decided to accept there had to be some external manifestation of acceptance. In this case, however, that was supplied by the fact that the plaintiffs had placed orders on the basis of the agreement. The defendants should therefore be taken to be bound by its terms.[1] Next is acceptance by silence which can be proven in the case Felthouse v Bindley (1862) where the uncle was negotiating to buy a horse from his nephew. The uncle wrote to his nephew offering a particular sum and saying à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"If I hear no more about him, I consider the horse mineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The nephew did not respond, but told an auctioneer to remove this horse from a forthcoming auction. The auctioneer omitted to do so, and the horse was sold to a third party. The uncle sued the auctioneer, and the question arose as to whether the uncle had made a binding contract for the purchase of the horse. There was no contract, because the nephew had never communicated. The case was held that his intention to accept his uncleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s offer. It is true that he had taken an action (removing the horse from the auction) which objectively could be taken to have indicated his intention to accept, but because his uncle knew nothing of this at the time, it was not effective to complete the contract[2]. Lastly is the acceptance by post which I will explain in detail the reason by the court for the postal acceptance rule and in what circumstances will be postal acceptance not operate. I will also include the relevant case study in this section. INTRODUCTION OF POSTAL RULE A requirement of communication will not, however, answer all problems. In the modern world communica tion can take many forms such as face-to-face conversations, telephone, letters, faxes, or email. In some of these, there will be a delay between the sending of an acceptance and its coming to the attention of the offeror. The law of contract has to have rules, therefore, to make clear what is meant by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"communicationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The simplest rule would be to say that no communication is effective until it is received and understood by the person to whom it is addressed. This is, in effect, the rule that applies to offers, though, as we shall see, there are some cases which suggest that it may be possible to accept an offer of which you are unaware. These cases are of dubious authority, however, and can only possibly apply in very restricted circumstances. In any case, they simply suggest that in some situations, communication of an offer may not be necessary. Where communication of the offer is required, which is the case in virtually all situations, it is sa fe to say that communication means that the person to whom the offer is addressed is aware of it. Why should the position be any different as regards acceptances? The problem  ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ rst arose in relation to the post, where the delay is likely to be longest. Generally speaking, there will be a delay of at least 12 to 18 hours between the sending of an acceptance by post, and its receipt by the addressee. According to the Enfores v Miles Far East Corporation (1955) case, it state that long-understood need for acceptance to be communicated, what constitutes effective communication can be debatable. Here is the fact of the Enfores v Miles Far East Corporation case. Enfores sent a telex massage from England offering to purchase 100 tons of Cathodes from the Miles Far East Corporation in London. The offer was accept by the Dutch agent. Communication took place when a clerk type a massage that was at the same time and automatically printed by the recipientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s machine. Enfores argued that the contract was complete when the offeror received the telex massage of acceptance in England. But Miles Far East said that the contract was finish when acceptance massage was sent in the Holland. The court held that the contract was made in England because to amount to an effective acceptance the acceptance needed to be communicated to the offeree. WHAT IS DECISION IN ADAM V LINDSELL (1818) In the case Adam Lindsell (1818) the defendants sent a letter to the plaintiffs offering wool for sale, and he asking for a reply à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"in course of postà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The letter was misdirected by the defendants, and arrived later than would normally have been the case. The plaintiffs replied at once accepting, but the defendants, having decided that because of the delay the plaintiffs were not going to accept, had already sold the wool elsewhere. The plaintiffs sued for breach of contract. The court decided that to require a posted acceptance t o arrive at its. The court held that destination before it could be effective would be impractical and in ef ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ cient. The acceptor would not be able to take any action on the contract until it had been con ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ rmed that the acceptance had arrived. The court felt that this might result in each side waiting for con ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ rmation of receipt of the last communicational in ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ nitum. This would not promote business ef ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ cacy. It would be much better if, as soon as the letter was posted, the acceptor could proceed on the basis that a contract had been made, and take action accordingly. The plaintiffs therefore succeeded, the defendants were in breach of contract. The court, in coming to this conclusion, was thus giving priority to the practicalities of doing business over the question of whether, at the time the contract was formed, the parties were in agreement. It was quite possible that by the time the letter of acce ptance was posted, the offeror had had a change of mind and sent a withdrawal of the offer, or made a contract with someone else. Nevertheless, because in the courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s view the conduct of business would in general be better served by giving the offeree certainty in this situation, the postal rule was established[3] The reason that have been given by court for the Postal rule is, an exception to the general rule citing that an acceptance is only create when communicated directly to the offeror. The posting regulation stated, by contrast, that acceptance takes effect when a letter is posted. It also state that if an offer are made by post, then the acceptance are made during the time of post. While the decision in the Henthorn v Fraser (1892) is it was held to be reasonable to post acceptance in response to an oral offer because the parties lived some distance away from each other[4]. This is the brief about the case that I understand which is on 7th July Henthor n from Birkenhead, called office of land society in Liverpool. Henthorn negotiated to buy some houses belonging to the land society. Secretary agreed to sell to him, giving him an option of purchase for 14 days at  £750. After that, on 8th July Morning, Another person called, offered  £760 for the property, offer accepted. At 12-1 pm, Secretary withdrawed the offer made to Henthorn. 3.50pm, Claimant delivered letter accepting the offer, but letter arrived at 8.30 pm, after the office was closed. At 5pm, Withdrawal offer arrived at Birkenhead. Secretary opened the letter on the next morning. Claimant sued for specific performance. The court held the case for specific performance granted, Postal Rule applies as acceptance occurred before. Defendant was told to sell the land. In conclusion, the offeree in Henthorn, on the other hand, certainly knew of the offerorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s promise to give him an option à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“for fourteen daysà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and qu ite possibly relied on it. Arguably, therefore, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“mailboxà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  rule should work in favor of offerees but not against them. But this might allow offerees to speculate at the offerorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expense, using the telephone or telegraph to overtake a letter of acceptance in transit when the market shifts[5] EXCEPTION TO THE POSTAL RULE Here is some cases that exception to the postal rule. First is Quenerduaine v Cole (1883) which is the defendant made an offer by telegram where the plaintiff be told to accept by letter. The court said that an offer which are made by telegram, shows that the quick acceptance are required so that the postal rule was not applied. Second in the Household Fire and Carriage Accident Insurance Company v Grant which Grant offer to buy the shares from Household Fire and Carriage Accident Insurance Company. Then the company accept Grant offer and allotted the shares to him. Later, the latter of allotment was sent to h im to the address that he give. The latter never reached to him until a month later then he received the letter that ask him for a payment of a partly paid and demand by the company for Grant to pay the next instalment due on shares. So that the court conclude that Grant does not receive his allotment later. This is means in practice a contract complete upon the acceptance of an offer being posted, but liable to be put an end to by an accident in the post, would be more mischievous than a contract only binding upon the parties to it upon the acceptance actually reaching the offerer. Third in Yates Building Co. Ltd v. Pulleyn Son (York) Ltd (1975) case which they make a states that any requirements about the method of acceptance must be clearly stated to be valid. In this case, Pulleyn give Yates to buy a building land. The option hereby granted shall be exercisable by notice in writing given by or on behalf of Yates to Pulleyns or to Pulleyns solicitors at any time between April 6 1973 and May 6 1973 such notice to be sent by registered or recorded delivery post to the registered office of Pulleyns or the offices of their said solicitors. On Monday April 30 1973 Yatess solicitors posted a letter to Pulleyns solicitors to formally exercise the option; they enclosed a cheque for  £1,890 for the deposit. The letter was sent by ordinary post and not by registered or recorded delivery post but it arrived well in time. It was opened by Pulleyns solicitors at some time on or before Friday May 4 1973. On that Friday Pulleyns solicitors wrote back to Yatess solicitors returning the cheque for the deposit and said: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"we write to acknowledge receipt today of your letter of April 30 1973 with its enclosure. You will recall that clause 2 of the option agreement provides for notice to be sent by a registered or recorded delivery post. Your letter was not so sent. Yates brought proceedings for specific performance, but the judge refused it. He held that this requirement that the letter had to be sent by registered or recorded delivery post was a requirement which must be complied with, and as it had not been complied with, there was no contract. Yates appealed.[6] Fourth is Tinn v Hoffman (1873) case which means that where a requirement for a certain type of reply has been made, an equally effective mode of communication will also be deemed acceptable provided it is just as quick and does not disadvantage the offeror. An offer by e-mail could therefore be accepted by telephone[7]. In this case the judge held that an acceptance could be effective even though it departed from the wording of the offer by making express some term which the law would in any case imply. And reply add some new provision by way of indulgence to the offer may be acceptance. Conversely, an acceptance in which acceptor ask for extra time to pay may be effective, so longs as he makes it clear that he is prepared to perform in accordance with the term of the offer event if his request is refused. WHAT DOES PROPERLY POSTED MEANS In the case in Re London and Northern Bank (1900), the letter of acceptance was not properly posted because the letter of acceptance was handed to a postman only authorised to deliver mail and not to collect it. In this case, even though the letter was actually posted, the courts held that handing the letter to a postman was not accepted way of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"postingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. They referred to the actual à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Postal Guideà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which clearly described instructions where postmen were allowed to take letters only from a post box. It is apparent that the courts wanted to prevent the situation where the postal rule would apply to any means of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"postingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"sendingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ letter and therefore restricted it only to Post Office and its guidelines. It is imperative to remember that the postal rule will also not be applicable where it would cause manifest inconvenience and absurdity. DOES THE POSTAL RULE APPLY TO REVOCATION It is clear from the abovementioned, that the application of the postal rule can have different variations and implications. When considering its function, it is essential to know when an acceptance becomes legally effective and also whether it can be revoked. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"arguableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ point when considering relevance of postal rule in 21st century is that in view of courts, before the acceptance is made the offeror can call the offer off, but once the acceptance has even made this is no longer possible.[8] Fundamentally, the offer may be revoked by the offeror only until that time it is being accepted and furthermore the revocation must be communicated to the offeree otherwise desired revocation will be ineffective. In this case, there are two case that relate with this situation. First is Byrne Co v. Van Tienhoven Co (1880) where Van Tienhoven mailed proposal to sell 1,000 boxes of tin plates to Byrne at fixed price on October 1st. later, Van Tienhoven mailed a revocation of offer on October 8th. But Byrne does not receive the revocation until 20th. In the middle on October 11th Byrne receive the original offers and accepted by telegram and turned around and resold the merchandise to a third party on the 15th. He brought an action for non-performance. However, the courts confirmed the long-standing idea that any revocation of an offer must be communicated to the offeree, although again there are some exceptions to this rule. Next case is Dickinson v. Dodds (1876) case which the revocation can be informed by a reliable third party. This can proved by the situation where the Dodds accepted an offer from a third party to purchase the house. Dodds then asked a friend to tell Dickinson that the offer was withdrawn. On hearing the news, the Dickinson went round to the house first thing Friday morning purporting to accept the offer. He then brought an action seeking specific performance of the contract. In this case the court held that the offer had been effectively revoked. Therefore no contract existed between the parties. There was no obligation to keep the offer open until Friday since the claimant had provided no consideration in exchange for the promise. The offeror is free to withdraw the offer at any time before acceptance takes place unless a deposit has been paid[9] CONCLUSION In order to apply the postal rule, both parties need to really understand the condition of their contract. They must aware to the risk that they will faced during the period of affair agreement such as delaying of the letter, the missing of the letter and also misdirect the letter. Not only that, while the posting of the acceptance, they must know at the time they post, the acceptance are made. Moreover, it is evident that the arguments relating to retention or desertion of the general rule are advanced, it is also clear from the aforementioned that in order to provide the valid conclusion the legislators have to consider many aspects of communication that is conducted by electronic means. In addition, it is essential to also asses the rule applicable to revocation of contract as the technology development has changed the way how and when the acceptance takes place and therefore it can be often discriminatory to bind offeror and leave alternatives largely open for the offeree. [1] https://www.scribd.com/doc/90693946/The-Modern-Law-of-Contract-Eighth-Edition [2] https://www.scribd.com/doc/90693946/The-Modern-Law-of-Contract-Eighth-Edition [3] THE MODERN LAWOF CONTRACT, Eighth Edition, Richard Stone Elston, Newark April 2009 [4] https://www.lawteacher.net/contract-law/cases/adams-v-lindsell.php#ixzz2yJ3tw2dg [5] https://lawstudent94.blogspot.com/2012/05/henthorn-v-fraser-1892-mailbox-postal.html [6] https://www.legalmax.info/members2/conbook/yates_bu.htm [7] https://suite.io/zoe-kirk-robinson/3a99230 [8] MacIntyre, 2010: 84 [9] https://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Dickinson-v-Dodds.php

Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee - 899 Words

Remember it s a sin to kill a mockingbird. This astonishing statement which Atticus had said it to his daughter scout in one of their boring days expresses the story of the innocent people that Harper Lee introduced in her wonderful novel To Kill a Mockingbird. Maycomb, the sleepy town in the south of America, where poverty reaches most of the families from privilege families such as the Finches, to the African Americans such as the Robinson s. In this novel, Harper Lee paints a vivid picture of how the bigotry and segregation was spread all over the Maycomb town in Alabama. In the beginning, the story starts in a small boring tired old town which is Maycomb in Alabama where there is nothing to do or to buy. Jem who was 10 years old and his little sister Scout who was 6 years old were living with their old satisfactory father whose name is Atticus Finsh in their small house. Since Their mother died when they were little, Calpurnia who considered as their housemaid takes care of them, she almost like a mother for them. Scout is the narrator of this novel, she seemed so nostalgic thinking about her childhood, taking the readers to the root of the human behavior by showing us specific details and emotions. Once in the summer, when Jem and Scout were playing in the back yard, they met Dill, who was a very confident neat boy that looked smaller than his real age. Dill was staying at his aunt house which is next door to Jem and Scout Finch s house. In that summer, DillShow MoreRelatedKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1049 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockin gbird: How a Story could be based on True Events in Everyday LifeDaisy GaskinsCoastal Pines Technical Collegeâ€Æ'Harper Lee was born in Monroeville, Alabama. Her father was a former newspaper editor and proprietor, who had served as a state senator and practiced as a lawyer in Monroeville. Also Finch was known as the maiden name of Lee’s mother. With that being said Harper Lee became a writer like her father, but she became a American writer, famous for her race relations novel â€Å"ToRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee1000 Words   |  4 Pagesworld-wide recognition to the many faces of prejudice is an accomplishment of its own. Author Harper Lee has had the honor to accomplish just that through her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, a moving and inspirational story about a young girl learning the difference between the good and the bad of the world. In the small town of Monroeville, Alabama, Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926. Growing up, Harper Lee had three siblings: two sisters and an older brother. She and her siblings grew up modestlyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1290 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lee published To Kill a Mockingbird during a rough period in American history, also known as the Civil Rights Movement. This plot dives into the social issues faced by African-Americans in the south, like Tom Robinson. Lee felt that the unfair treatment towards blacks were persistent, not coming to an end any time in the foreseeable future. This dark movement drove her to publish this novel hopeful that it would encourage the society to realize that the harsh racism must stop. Lee effectivelyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee873 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee illustrates that â€Å"it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird† throughout the novel by writing innocent characters that have been harmed by evil. Tom Robinson’s persecution is a symbol for the death of a mocki ngbird. The hunters shooting the bird would in this case be the Maycomb County folk. Lee sets the time in the story in the early 1950s, when the Great Depression was going on and there was poverty everywhere. The mindset of people back then was that blackRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee963 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowing up, when older characters give advice to children or siblings.Growing up is used frequently in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Harper Lee uses the theme growing up in To Kill a Mockingbird to change characters opinion, develop characters through their world, and utilizes prejudice to reveal growing up. One major cause growing up is used in To Kill a Mockingbird is to represent a change of opinion. One part growing up was shown in is through the trial in part two of the novelRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1052 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee takes place in Maycomb County, Alabama in the late 30s early 40s , after the great depression when poverty and unemployment were widespread throughout the United States. 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She was the youngestRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1695 Words   |  7 PagesIn To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee presents as a ‘tired old town’ where the inhabitants have ‘nowhere to go’ it is set in the 1930s when prejudices and racism were at a peak. Lee uses Maycomb town to highlight prejudices, racism, poverty and social inequality. In chapter 2 Lee presents the town of Maycomb to be poverty stricken, emphasised through the characterisation of Walter Cunningham. When it is discovered he has no lunch on the first day of school, Scout tries to explain the situation to MissRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1876 Words   |  8 PagesThough Harper Lee only published two novels, her accomplishments are abundant. Throughout her career Lee claimed: the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, Goodreads Choice Awards Best Fiction, and Quill Award for Audio Book. Lee was also inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. This honor society is a huge accomplishment and is considered the highest recognition for artistic talent and accomplishment in the United States. Along with these accomplishments, herRead MoreKill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee1197 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as crops, houses, and land, and money was awfully limited. These conflicts construct Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mocking Bird. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, Lee establishes the concurrence of good and evil, meaning whether people are naturally good or naturally evil. Lee uses symbolism, characterization, and plot to portray the instinctive of good and evil. To Kill a Mocking Bird, a novel by Harper Lee takes place during the 1930s in the Southern United States. The protagonist, Scout Finch,

President Nixons Secret Bombing of Cambodia Essay

In the 1960s and 1970s, the most controversial war the United States had ever been involved in during its rich two-hundred year history would engulf the country, ultimately leading to the collapse of a president, and the division of a nation. The Vietnam War was a military struggle fought in Vietnam and neighboring countries from 1959-1975 involving the North Vietnamese and NLF (National Liberation Front) versus the United States and the South Vietnamese (The Vietnam...). In 1969, newly elected President Richard M. Nixon, aiming to achieve peace with honor in Vietnam, began to put his Vietnamization policy into place -- removing the number of American military personnel in the country and transferring combat roles to the South†¦show more content†¦Taking the oath of office in January of 1969, Nixon was thrown head-first into a war that was escalating quickly and, at the same time, infuriated many Americans who believed that it wasnt the nations job to be world police. Now ho lding the reigns of the country, he was stuck in a Vietnam predicament -- his first decisions would be of utmost importance for the safety of our soldiers and for the well-being of the nation. Nixon had very few plausible options however. While a vocal sector of the public was clamoring for immediate withdrawal of troops, he understood that its disadvantages were too great -- not only would withdrawal compromise American credibility as a world power, he felt that it would also undermine his ability to negotiate with foreign powers during the remainder of his term (Bondi 237). Nuclear weapons were also not an alternative. We were still involved in the Cold War with the USSR -- if we opted to nuclear weapons, not only would we most likely end up instigating a World War III, we could not risk setting the precedent by using nuclear warfare to dictate world order (Bondi 237). 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Economic Growth free essay sample

Growth is associated with structural, social change and change in the important institutions of the economy. These institutions evolve within the development process. Institutions are the result of past historical and social developments. Since different countries have different pasts, institutions will vary. â€Å"Development is about improving the quality of people’s lives, expanding their ability to shape their own futures† Development is the process of expanding the real freedom that people enjoy, with expansion of freedom viewed as the primary end and the principle means of development†. Development is multi-faceted and therefore difficult to measure as oppose to economic growth. Policies that work well in one country may not work in others. Cumulative causation: Development is not a smooth process as it is related to vicious and virtuous cycles. Cumulative causation suggests that difference will magnify whereby convergence (a mainstream economic concept) wil l not be achievable. Cumulative causation destructs the concept of equilibrium. Consumer and business confidence growth has a positive impact on business profits confidence. A stronger economy will help to persuade consumers that the time is right to make major purchases 5. Growth can also help protect the environment such as low-carbon investment, innovation andresearch and development, resulting in more efficient production processes to reduce costs. Ethical consumerism and corporate social responsibility has become important in recent years. Disadvantages of economic growth There are economic and social costs of a fast-expanding economy. Inflation risk: If demand races ahead of aggregate supply the scene is set for rising prices. Many fast growing developing countries have seen high rates of inflation in recent years, a good example is India Working hours – sometimes there are fears that a fast-growing economy places increasing demands on the hours that people work and can upset work-life balance Structural change – although a growing economy will be creating more jobs, it also leads to structural changes in the pattern of jobs. Some industries will be in decline whilst others will be expanding. Structural unemployment can rise even though it appears that a country is growing – the labour force needs to be occupationally mobile. Environmental concerns: Fast growth can create negative externalities for example higher levels of noise pollution and lower air quality arising from air pollution and road congestion Increased consumption of de-merit goods which damages social welfare It can leads to a huge increase in household and industrial waste which again creates external costs for society What can limit the rate of economic growth? Infrastructure – infrastructure includes capital such as ports, transport networks, energy, power and water supplies and telecommunications networks. Poor infrastructure hampers growth because it causes higher costs and delays for businesses, reduces the mobility of labour and hits the ability of export businesses to get their products to international markets. A good example is India whose future growth is often said to be threatened by structural weaknesses in her infrastructure. Many countries will need to increase their spending on infrastructure in the years ahead to adapt to and deal with the consequences of climate change. Dependence on limited exports – many nations still relying on specialising and then exporting low value added primary commodities and the prices of these goods can be highly volatile on world markets. When prices fall, an economy will see a sharp reduction in export incomes, a higher trade deficit and a growing risk that a nation will not be able to finance investment in education, healthcare and core infrastructure. Over-specialisation can make a country vulnerable to the global economic cycle. Vulnerability to external shocks – in today’s global economy, events in one part of the world can quickly have an effect in many other countries. Consider the fall-out from the global financial crisis of 2007-2010 which brought about recession and deep financial distress in many regions. Low national savings and low absolute savings – savings are needed to provide finance for investment. In many smaller low-income countries, high levels of poverty make it almost impossible to generate sufficient savings to provide the funds needed to fund investment projects. This increases reliance on international borrowing or tied aid. Limited access to financial capital and poorly developed domestic capital markets – this is particularly the case for many small, low-income countries Corruption and poor governance – this is a crucial factor for many developing countries. High levels of deeply embedded corruption and bureaucratic delays can harm growth in many ways for example inhibiting inward investment and also making it more likely that domestic businesses will invest overseas rather than at home. Governments need a stable and effective legal framework to collect taxes to pay for public services. Look at deficit and debt problems facing countries such as Greece. In India, there are 15 times more phone subscribers than taxpayers. If a legal system cannot protect private property rights then there will be less research and development innovation. Declining and/or ageing population – in some countries the actual size of the population is declining partly as a result of net outward migration. If a nation loses many younger workers this can have a damaging effect on growth. The changing age-structure of a population also matters, leading for example to a fall in the ratio of workers to dependants. Rising inflation – fast growing countries may experience an accelerating rate of inflation which can have damaging economic consequences – these are covered in the chapter on inflation. Two effects in particular can hit growth, namely falling real incomes and profits together with higher costs and reduced competitiveness in international markets. In our chart below we track real GDP growth and inflation rates in India – notice the steep rise in inflation in recent years. Many other developing countries have seen high rates of inflation in large part because of booming food and other commodity prices.